Key Points: More studies reporting sleep data in female athletes are needed given that only 25% of published studies report female-specific sleep data. Sex differences in sleep patterns and behaviors, circadian rhythms, and the risk for and prevalence of sleep disorders are evident and should prohibit the use of male sleep data in the female population. The menstrual cycle may exert negative effects on sleep among female athletes; however, evidence in this area needs to be further developed using more robust, high-quality research designs. Hormonal contraceptive use and the postpartum period may exert negative effects on sleep in women and ought to be considered when monitoring sleep in female athletes.
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