Heat acclimation (HA) is regarded as the most important countermeasure to protect athlete health and performance when exercising in hot ambient conditions. HA involves passive or exercise heat stress applied intentionally to increase sweating, core temperature, and skin temperature. However, these responses can lead to significant physiological stress, increasing the risk of accumulated fatigue and overreaching. Post-exercise cooling is an effective strategy to restore neuromuscular function and perceptive recovery following hyperthermia-induced fatigue. However, the influence of post-exercise cooling on heat adaptation remains largely unexplored. This review discusses the potential impact of this recovery modality on heat adaptation. Studies investigating the interaction between hot and cold exposures in the context of thermal adaptation were reviewed. The examined literature collectively indicates: (1) no impairments in heat adaptation when cold exposures did not interfere with the physiological responses attained during the heat stress, (2) marginal compromises in thermal impulse during heat stress did not diminish the magnitude of heat adaptation, and may be compensated through enhanced absolute training intensity (3) while substantial cooling during heat stress can potentially impair sudomotor adaptations to HA, it is reasonable to expect no impairments in this context as recovery-based cooling does not influence the physiological responses garnered during heat stress. It is acknowledged that this conclusion is based on exploratory findings, as direct data on the effects of recovery cooling interventions on heat adaptations are currently lacking.
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