•A prior study of the prevalence of past-year doping and dietary supplement use among elite athletes, conducted at two international sporting events, used two randomized response techniques—the unrelated question method (UQM) and the single sample count (SSC)—to ensure the anonymity of the participants and thus encourage honest responses. •The UQM analysis, published in 2018, found the prevalence of past-year doping to be at least 30% and 45% at the two events, respectively, and the prevalence of past-year dietary supplement use at the second event about 70%—a figure congruent with other studies of supplement use among elite athletes. However, the SSC analysis, published in 2022, yielded rates of only 21.2% and 10.6% for doping and only 8.6% for dietary supplements. •In a reanalysis of the SSC data, using a slightly different model that considers both cheating and underreporting due to cognitive limitations, we show that the SSC data can yield much higher prevalence estimates, very similar to those of the UQM.
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