When it is applied in sports, biofeedback training (BFT) is a technique that can enable athletes to modify their psychophysiological behavior by regulating their biological signals (referred to as modalities) in response to real-time feedback, which may result in desirable psychological processes and/or behavioral outcomes, such as improved accuracy in shooting performance. The most common modalities include heart rate variability (HRV), electrodermal activity (EDA), muscle activity (EMG), respiration rate, blood pressure, and neural activity (neurofeedback training, NFT). Electroencephalography (EEG) has been the most commonly applied NFT method for sport performance enhancement. In this chapter, we review the current evidence, provide commentary on the level of evidence, and offer directions for future research. Although some evidence supports the effectiveness of BFT/NFT in improving sport performance, the evidence is generally inconsistent and of mixed quality. These inconsistencies may be attrib-uted to the high variability in BFT/NFT protocols, skill levels of participants, and rationales for selecting target modalities. Nevertheless, some studies with rigorous designs have reported positive effects of BFT and NFT. In the future, researchers should investigate this topic by designing studies on PST with standardized protocols and high-quality research designs. In consequence, scientifically rigorous and practically useful BFT/NFT for enhancing sport performance for different types of sports and participants with different skill levels can be feasible.
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