The extensive development of modern athletics is associated with the revival of the Olympic Games (1896). Today the Olympic Games are a powerful incentive for the development of athletics in the whole world. The possibility of early detection and prognostic evaluation of phenotypic manifestation of the genotype is one of the major components of the optimization of human life, including sports orientation, as a modern sport imposes high requirements to life-support systems of the body. In this connection the problems of optimization of the selection and individualization of means and methods of sports training are based on a finding of adequate criteria of early diagnosis of definitive manifestation of the phenotype as a result of genotype-environmental interactions. The aim of the study was to identify and substantiate scientifically the complex psychophysiological markers of prognostic assessment of human capabilities, allowing the achievement of high results in different kinds of athletics. We examined athletes of sports schools of the town of Budennovsk who are involved in groups of sports perfection. Control group consisted of schoolchildren not involved in sports. We assessed the physical development of athletes in indicators of weight and body lower, vitalcapacity (VC) and life index, the forces of the hand, the state ofthecentral nervous system (CNS) according to indicators of chronoreflexsometry; simple and complex visual-motor response, the duration of the individual minutes (IM), level of motivation andwillingness to take risks. Results of the study were treated statistically. Analysis of the received data showed that athletes involved in athletics in the groups of sports perfection, have higher rates of VC, life index and lower-body mass index (p < 0.05-0.001) than persons of the same age in the control group. Athletes-sprinters with high qualifications have duration of MI significantly lower than in the control group (p < 0.05). As with the candidates for master of sports in the 100 m and 200 m, as with the boys and girls, we identified reliably significant excesses of responsiveness, speed and levels of activation of the CNS compared with the control group. Attention is drawn to the fairly pronounced decrease in the number of errors in the performance of simple and complex visual-motor responses of elite athletes. It indicates their high-precision performance of sensor motor acts. At the same time they have significantly higher levels of motivation and willingness to take risks. We identified the set of psychophysiological peculiarities of sportsmen of high qualifications, which can serve as reliable markers of prognostic assessment of achievement of high results in the different kinds of athletics.Aggression is a heterogeneous heritable psychological trait, also influenced by environmental factors. Previous studies, mostly conducted on male population, have found some associations of the aggression with the polymorphisms of genes, regulating the activity of serotonin (5-HT) in the brain. However, psychological as well as biochemical manifestations of the aggression are different in males and females. Our study aimed to investigate the association of 5-HTT gene polymorphism with different facets of aggression (BDHI) in females. Two groups: the synchronized swimming and non-athlete control, — were examined to study the possible modulation effect of sport on the association between 5-HTT gene polymorphism and aggression. It was found that in both groups the low-active 5-HTT polymorphism (SS) was associated with increased scores on Indirect Hostility scale and decreased scores on Negativism scale, compared to LL genotype. No interaction effect between sport and 5-HTT polymorphism was found. The higher percentage of LL-carriers and lower of LS-carriers in the synchronized swimming group compared to the control one was observed. This may be the sign of the importance of LL polymorphism of 5-HTT gene, previously associated with higher resistance to stress factors, for being an athlete, although this result has to be taken cautiously keeping in mind the stratification problem. Synchronized swimmers had lower scores on Assault, Negativism, Irritability and Verbal Hostility compared to age-matched control girls (in general and for each 5-HTT genotype separately), suggesting that they may have more matured emotional system (older control group has also lower scores on these scales).
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