Muscular factors of cross-country skiing Muscle fiber types Skeletal muscle movements Muscles used in cross-country skiing Sequence and timing of muscles Cardiovascular factors of cross-country skiing Resting heart rate Heart rate during exercise Determination of training (target) zones Stroke volume Stroke volume increase with exercise Explanations of stroke volume increase Performance benchmarks of cross-country skiers Cardiac output Maximum oxygen uptake Body composition Energy expenditures Exercise in the cold Body response to exercise in cold Factors affecting body heat loss Tips on exercising in cold Psychological parameters related to cross-country skiing participation and performance Personality profiles of xc skiers Motivational factors of elite athletes