Introduction The upper limbs play a crucial role in generating power and accuracy during various sports activities. Tennis, in particular, relies heavily on efficient upper-limb biomechanics for a successful serve. Studies have suggested that elite athletes exhibit distinct movement patterns compared to their lower-skilled counterparts (Elliot et al., 2003). However, a comprehensive understanding of how biomechanical parameters of the upper limbs differ across various skill levels in tennis serving is lacking. This study aims to investigate and compare the biomechanical parameters of the upper limbs during the tennis serve motion in athletes of varying skill levels (elite, advanced, and beginner). By analysing key movement patterns, we hope to identify specific biomechanical characteristics associated with different skill levels in tennis serving. Methods In the study, an eight-camera Optitrack system was employed to conduct a biomechanical analysis of the tennis serve among three players of varying skill levels (elite, advanced, and beginner). Participants, dressed in tight-fitting clothing, were equipped with 57 markers, allowing for precise movement tracking. The procedure began with a warm-up, followed by each player performing several serves. Data recorded by the Optitrack system was processed using the Motive software, then exported to SttInsight for detailed biomechanical analysis using a movement evaluation protocol specific to tennis players with a racket. Key moments in the serving technique were identified. Data were extracted for further analysis. Results The athlete classified at the elite level demonstrated a shoulder flexion/extension parameter of -10.63° during the 'trophy position', accompanied by minimal shoulder abduction/adduction values (-5.19° and -25.59°). Concurrently, dynamic elbow flexion was employed, ranging from 102.84° to 115.85°, decreasing to 32.71°, and concluding at 28.58°, to facilitate power generation. Conversely, the player at the advanced amateur level exhibited more pronounced negative shoulder flexion/extension values (-65.58°, -70.78°) and elevated shoulder abduction/adduction values (24°, 8.58°). However, this player displayed variable elbow flexion angles (119.43° to 114°), potentially impacting serve stability and power. For the beginner-level athlete, shoulder flexion/extension (-1.33°) and shoulder abduction/adduction (-1.33°, 3.12°) were noted, along with restricted elbow flexion ranges (100.33° to 121.14°), potentially resulting in diminished serve power. Conclusion Analysing the serving motion of elite, advanced, and beginner tennis players, this study revealed distinct biomechanical patterns in shoulder and elbow movements. Elite athletes exhibited more controlled shoulder motion and a wider range of elbow flexion compared to their lower-skilled counterparts. These findings support the study's aim, suggesting a link between efficient upper-limb coordination and powerful serves. Further research is needed to explore these relationships and inform training programs for improved serving performance.
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