This study carried out five experiments to validate Counsilman's explanation of elite swimmers' tendency to move their hands in curvilinear patterns (zigzags) rather than use 'straight line' pulling. The findings show beyond reasonable doubt that Counsilman's reasoning of "once it (water) started moving will offer less traction and when moved away from the moving water will allowed the paddle (hand) to find "still water" for traction", was valid, and indicate that further investigation would be warranted.
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