The objective of this study was to discuss the relationship between match outcomes and discipline in Japan Rugby Top League. We analysed 455 matches. Mean numbers of penalties and cards per team and match were then calculated and compared by the game result, bonus point system, points, points difference, and the number of tries. Winning teams were given fewer yellow cards than losing teams. Differences in the mean number of penalties per match between three classes were significant in points scored, points difference and the number of tries. Fewer penalties were seen in games with more points, more tries and a bigger margin of victory. Discipline could potentially produce even more spectacular rugby matches.
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