Introduction It is well known that organization of the modern sports training is far from perfect. In every sport it's still impossible to consider different types of exercises as components of the whole system in their interconnections. Creating a system of training exercises could become real only on the base of some integrative criterion that is suitable for every exercise independently on its type. The aim of our study was to optimize the jumpers' training exercises structure on the base of clearing up their interconnections' peculiarities. Methods The test group consisted of 24 jumpers from novice to elite level. Kinematical and dynamical data of the take-off phase have been registered in 46 special training exercises of jumpers. 1611 attempts have been measured totally. We used digital camcorder (100 fps) to record athletes' movements for kinematical analysis. Previously reflective markers had been fixed on hip, knee and ankle joints of jumpers. Dynamical data were registered by force platforms, installed under the track surface. As integrative criterions we selected two biomechanical characteristics for analysis - vertical component of general center of mass velocity (GCMVvert.) and average value of vertical component of ground reaction force (GRFvert.) at take-off. Results Absolute values of GCMV and GRF were normalized and put on the base of building the so called "field of exercises" (coordinate system with two axes). Both axes have normal gradation (mean value ± 3 standard deviations) and cross each other at the point of mean values. Our attention has been focused on three questions. Which was the mutual arrangement of exercises in general structure? How GCMV and GRF values depend on changing intensity and form of exercise? How GCMV and GRF values depend on increasing the level of jumper's qualification? As we can see on figure 1 the basic part of jumpers' training exercises is concentrated within the limits of mean values ±2ó of GCMV and GRF parameters. This fact let us assume that different types of exercises sharing the same place of the "field" have the same or close training effect. It's as well necessary to notice very close arrangement of weight exercises and sprint. The main exercise is separated from the others. It could be explained by significantly higher level of power at take-off. Four ways have been used for changing intensity and form of exercises (fig. 2). We have found out that lengthening the approach in running jumps leads to more significant GRF increase and less significant GCMV increase. Changing double-leg to single-leg take-off causes higher GRF along with lower GCMV values. More weights used in strength exercises cause more significant GCMV decrease and less significant GRF decrease. Rise of the take-off level in single-leg standing and running jumps on 25 cm leads to non significant GRF decrease almost without any changes in GCMV values. Different levels of jumpers' qualification don't show any differences in relationships between exercises in the "field of exercises". Therefore increase of qualification of a jumper is the result of extension of an accessible range of jumper's abilities and not the result of changing proportions in relationships between different exercises. Discussion/Conclusion These results demonstrate that the "field of exercises" can help to clear up training effect of every exercise and to build a system of exercises on the base of mechanical parameters at take-off phase. In this case the volume of the training load can be expressed in repeats for every type of exercises. Partial volume of exercise depends on the height of the part of normal distribution dome which is above the same part of the "field of exercises". Our model can help to compare partial volumes of different exercises and optimize their structure in every training cycle according with its goals.
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