Text for upper undergraduate classes or graduate courses. Reference for motor behavior specialists. DESCRIPTION Neurophysiological Basis of Movement is the only contemporary comprehensive textbook on the neurophysiology of voluntary movement. The book also covers relevant information from the study of biomechanics, anatomy, control theory, and motor disorders. It emphasizes neurophysiological mechanisms that apply to the processes of voluntary movements. The text covers a semester's worth of material about the neurophysiological aspects of five major areas: cells, reflexes, structures, behaviors, and disorders. Additional topics include ¨ basic functional anatomy, ¨ physical and chemical foundations of brain functioning in relation to control of voluntary movements, ¨ muscle reflexes and spinal connections, ¨ basic mechanics of muscle contraction, and ¨ the basis of kinesthesia. The book applies these topics to specific tasks such as standing, locomotion, eye movement control, and reaching. The reader-friendly text also features ¨ 156 one-minute drills to challenge students' knowledge of the material; ¨ 262 illustrations to help students understand the neurophysiological mechanisms necessary for voluntary movements such as standing, locomotion, and reaching; and ¨ 6 lab studies that provide hands-on experience. Several motor disorders are discussed, including spinal cord injury and Parkinson's disease, as well as issues of motor rehabilitation. Readers also will appreciate the references that accompany each of five "Worlds" and a glossary for the entire text. CONTENTS Preface Introduction World I: Cells Chapter 1. Membranes, Particles, and Potentials 1.1. Complex System Approach 1.2. The Biological Membrane 1.3. Movement in a Solution 1.4. Concentration of Water: Osmosis 1.5. Movement of Ions Chapter 2. Action Potential 2.1. Creation of Membrane Potential 2.2. Basic Features of Action Potential 2.3. Mechanism of Generation of Action Potential Chapter 3. Information Conduction and Transmission 3.1. Conduction of Action Potential 3.2. Myelinated Fibers 3.3. The Structure of the Neuron 3.4. Information Coding in the Nervous System 3.5. Synaptic Transmission 3.6. Neurotransmitters 3.7. Temporal and Spatial Summation Chapter 4. The Skeletal Muscle 4.1. Skeletal Muscle: Structure 4.2. Myofilaments 4.3. Neuromuscular Synapse 4.4. Mechanism of Contraction 4.5. Types of Muscle Contraction 4.6. Elements of Mechanics 4.7. Force-Length and Force-Velocity Relations 4.8. External Regimes of Muscle Contraction Chapter 5. Receptors 5.1. General Classification and Properties of Receptors 5.2. Muscle Spindles 5.3. The Gamma System 5.4. Golgi Tendon Organs 5.5. Other Muscle Receptors 5.6. Articular Receptors 5.7. Cutaneous Receptors 5.8. Where Does the Information Go? Chapter 6. Motor Units and Electromyography 6.1. The Notion of Motor Unit 6.2. Fast and Slow Motor Units 6.3. The Henneman Principle (Size Principle) 6.4. Functional Role of Different Motor Units 6.5. Electromyography 6.6. Filtering, Rectification, and Integration World-I Problems World-I Recommended Readings World II: Connections Chapter 7. Excitation and Inhibition Within the Spinal Cord 7.1. The Spinal Cord 7.2. Excitation Within the Central Nervous System 7.3. Postsynaptic Inhibition 7.4. Renshaw Cells 7.5. Ia-Interneurons 7.6. Presynaptic Inhibition Chapter 8. Monosynaptic Reflexes 8.1. Reflexes 8.2. Reflex Arc 8.3. H-Reflexes, T-Reflexes, and M-Response 8.4. The Effects of Voluntary Muscle Activation on Monosynaptic Reflexes 8.5. F-Wave Chapter 9. Oligosynaptic and Polysynaptic Reflexes 9.1. Oligosynaptic Reflexes 9.2. Polysynaptic Reflexes 9.3. Flexor Reflex 9.4. Tonic Stretch Reflex 9.5. Tonic Vibration Reflex 9.6. Interaction Among Reflex Pathways 9.7. Interjoint and Interlimb Reflexes Chapter 10. Voluntary Control of a Single Muscle 10.1. Feedforward and Feedback Control 10.2. Servo Control 10.3. The Servo Hypothesis 10.4. Alpha-Gamma Coactivation 10.5. Voluntary Activation of Muscles 10.6. Equilibrium-Point Hypothesis Chapter 11. Patterns of Single-Joint Movements 11.1. Isotonic Movements and Isometric Contractions 11.2. Performance and Task Parameters 11.3. Electromyogra Patterns During Single-Joint Isotonic Movements 11.4. Electromyogra Patterns During Single-Joint Isometric Contractions 11.5. The Dual-Strategy Hypothesis Chapter 12. Preprogrammed Reactions 12.1. Preprogrammed Reactions 12.2. Preprogrammed Reaction Is Not a Stretch Reflex 12.3. In Search of the Afferent Source of Preprogrammed Reactions 12.4. Preprogrammed Reactions During Movement Perturbations 12.5. Basic Features of Preprogrammed Reactions 12.6. Preprogrammed Corrections of Vertical Posture 12.7. Corrective Stumbling Reaction World-II Problems World-II Recommended Readings World III: Structures Chapter 13. Methods of Brain Study and Elements of the Brain Anatomy 13.1. Single-Neuron Recording 13.2. Electroencephalography 13.3. Evoked Potentials 13.4. Radiography 13.5. Computerized Tomography 13.6. Positron Emission Tomography 13.7. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 13.8. Neuroanatomical Tracing 13.9. Major Brain Structures Chapter 14. Cerebral Cortex 14.1. Cerebral Hemispheres 14.2. Structure of the Cerebral Cortex 14.3. Primary Motor and Premotor Areas 14.4. Inputs to Motor Cortex 14.5. Outputs of Motor Cortex 14.6. Preparation for a Voluntary Movement 14.7. Neuronal Population Vectors Chapter 15. The Cerebellum 15.1. Anatomy of the Cerebellum 15.2. Cerebellar Inputs 15.3. Cerebellar Outputs 15.4. Relation of Cerebellar Activity to Voluntary Movement 15.5. Neuronal Population Vectors 15.6. The Effects of Cerebellar Lesions Chapter 16. The Basal Ganglia 16.1. Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia 16.2. Inputs and Outputs of the Basal Ganglia 16.3. Motor Circuits Involving the Basal Ganglia 16.4. Activity of the Basal Ganglia During Movements 16.5. Effects of Lesions of the Basal Ganglia Chapter 17. Ascending and Descending Pathways 17.1. Basic Properties of Neural Pathways 17.2. Afferent Input to the Spinal Cord 17.3. Dorsal Column Pathway 17.4. Spinocervical Pathway 17.5. Spinothalamic Tract 17.6. Spinocerebellar Tracts 17.7. Spinoreticular Tract 17.8. Pyramidal Tract 17.9. Rubrospinal Tract 17.10. Vestibulospinal Tracts 17.11. Reticulospinal Tract and Other Descending Tracts 17.12. Propriospinal Tracts Chapter 18. Memory 18.1. Descartes' Dualism and Cellular Mechanisms of Memory 18.2. Habituation of Reflexes 18.3. Learning and Memory 18.4. Types of Learning 18.5. Conditioned Reflexes 18.6. Short-Term and Long-Term Memories 18.7. Neuronal/Synaptic Mechanisms of Memory? 18.8. Retrieval of Memory 18.9. Genetic Code as an Example of Memory 18.10. Plasticity in the Brain 18.11. Korsakoff's Syndrome 18.12. Possible Role of Hippocampus in Memory 18.13. Spinal Memory World-III Problems World-III Recommended Readings World IV: Behaviors Chapter 19. Postural Control 19.1. Vertical Posture 19.2. Vestibular System 19.3. The Role of Vision in Postural Control 19.4. The Role of Proprioception in Postural Control 19.5. Anticipatory and Corrective Postural Adjustments 19.6. The Notion of Postural Synergy Chapter 20. Locomotion 20.1. Two Approaches to Locomotion 20.2. Central Pattern Generator 20.3. Locomotor Centers 20.4. Spinal Locomotion 20.5. Gait Patterns 20.6. Corrective Stumbling Reaction 20.7. Dynamic Pattern Generation Chapter 21. Multi-Joint Movement 21.1. General Features of Targeted Movements 21.2. Major Problems of Controlling Natural Reaching Movements 21.3. Spinal Mechanisms of Multi-Joint Coordination: Interjoint Reflexes 21.4. Spinal Mechanisms of Multi-Joint Coordination: Control Variables 21.5. Supraspinal Mechanisms 21.6. The Equilibrium-Trajectory Hypothesis 21.7. What Is Controlled? Chapter 22. Vision 22.1. The Eye 22.2. Photoreceptors 22.3. Retina and Optic Nerve 22.4. Oculomotor Control 22.5. Central Mechanisms of Visual Perception 22.6. The Role of Visual Information in Voluntary Movements Chapter 23. Kinesthesia 23.1. Which Physical Variables Are Sensed by Proprioceptors? 23.2. Peripheral Sources of Kinesthetic Information 23.3. The Role of the Motor Command in Kinesthesia 23.4. Where Does the Information Go? 23.5. Kinesthetic Illusions 23.6. Pain Chapter 24. Fatigue 24.1. Fatigue and Its Contributors 24.2. Muscular Mechanisms of Fatigue 24.3. Spinal Mechanisms of Fatigue 24.4. Supraspinal Mechanisms of Fatigue 24.5. Adaptive Changes During Fatigue 24.6. Abnormal Fatigue World-IV Problems World-IV Recommended Readings World V: Disorders Chapter 25. Spasticity 25.1. Challenges of Clinical Studies 25.2. Spinal Cord Injury 25.3. Signs and Symptoms of Spasticity 25.4. Treatment of Spasticity 25.5. Multiple Sclerosis Chapter 26. Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia 26.1. Clinical Features of Parkinson's Disease 26.2. Voluntary Movements in Parkinson's Disease 26.3. Differences in Anticipatory Adjustments and in Preprogrammed Reactions 26.4. Changes in Segmental Reflexes 26.5. Possible Mechanisms 26.6. Dystonia Chapter 27. Implications for Motor Rehabilitation 27.1. Sources of Variability of Voluntary Movements 27.2. Changes in the Central Nervous System Priorities 27.3. Central Nervous System Plasticity 27.4. Adaptive Changes in Motor Patterns of Atypical Individuals 27.5. Amputation 27.6. Down Syndrome 27.7. Practical Considerations World-V Problems World-V Recommended Readings Laboratories Laboratory 1 Laboratory 2 Laboratory 3 Laboratory 4 Laboratory 5 Laboratory 6 Glossary Index About the Author
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