Discus, javelin, shot put, and boccia are staples of the Paralympic Summer Games. These throwing events, like all modern-day adaptive sports, can trace their origins to the Stoke Mandeville Games of 1948, which was a competition that was organized to provide an athletic outlet for World War II veterans who had sustained spinal cord injuries. The inaugural games featured 16 participants who competed in wheelchair archery. Although the event was small, it successfully promoted adaptive sports and started the Paralympic movement. This event is still held annually (except during Summer Olympic years) but now is known as the International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports World Games. The 1960 Games were held in Rome and featured 400 athletes from 23 countries. Historically, this event would later be recognized as the first Paralympic Games (International Paralympic Committee, Official Website of the Paralympic Movement 2015, http://www.paralympic.org/paralympic-games). The event had expanded significantly from just archery to include javelin and shot put. Discus was later added in the 1964 Paralympic Games in Tokyo, and boccia was introduced in 1984. Most recently, the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London included 4,237 athletes from 164 countries, demonstrating how participation in and popularity of adaptive sports, including the throwing sports, has soared over the years (International Paralympic Committee, Official Website of the Paralympic Movement 2015, http://www.paralympic.org/paralympic-games). Adaptive discus, javelin, shot put, and boccia are derivations of similar able-bodied sports. The classifications, basic rules, and necessary adaptive equipment will be discussed, followed by a review of injury risk factors, common injuries, and prevention and treatment recommendations.
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