Bike fitting is the detailed process of evaluating the cyclist`s physical and performance requirements and abilities and systematically adjusting the bike to meet the cyclist`s goals and needs [1]. A clear definition of bike fitting has not yet been agreed upon but the assumed process involves optimising posture and movement through changes in the bicycle and in the posture of the cyclist [2]. These changes can involve replacing components of the bicycle (e.g. saddle) or altering the position of the handlebar and saddle or the foot attachment to the pedals. Cycling biomechanics considers joint, muscle, load factors, angles, equipment, point-of-contact positioning and pedal force measurements to formulate the ideal position of every part of both the bicycle and the cyclist so that they fit together in the most efficient manner possible. Bike fitting is not a one-size-fits-all solution; it is a personalised service that caters to the specific demands of the preferred riding style. Evolution of bike fitting has created a mixed approach that follows principles from ergonomics (quantitative) together with qualitative aspects, which are advocated by some practitioners as resembling art [3, 4]. Bike fitting is widely utilised to assist cyclists from all levels (i.e. recreational to elite) across a range of bicycle disciplines (i.e. track, road, mountain). The challenge with bike fitting is that current practices are not always aligned with the most up-to-date evidence, with authors questioning the methods utilised for bike fitting [2, 5] and the guiding principles underpinning the process of fitting. This lack of consensus on how to conduct bike fitting creates discrepancies in guidelines from different industry bodies, with some providing an extensive training regime for practitioners [6] whilst others offer a simpler set of guiding principles [7]. Ultimately, the outcome is that cyclists may visit different practitioners and obtain different outcomes from a bike-fitting process [8]. Therefore, the goal of this editorial paper is to explore current evidence in bike fitting including its effectiveness, limitations and rationale based on biomechanics, musculoskeletal and neuromotor control principles behind the method. We offer suggestions for future work to assist with improving the understanding of the magnitude of change provided by bike fitting.
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