Encounters with alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine/tobacco misuse is common. Early identification can reduce the negative consequences of misuse and prevent the progression to a substance use disorder. The use of screening instruments, negative consequences questionnaires, and urine testing can aid early identification. Brief motivational interventions with personalized feedback, social norming, goal setting, contingency management, and significant other involvement can change attitudes, beliefs, and use patterns. The simultaneous use of alcohol and marijuana (SAM) among athletes is increasing and is associated with increased adverse effects.
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