Objectives Molecular hydrogen (H2, dihydrogen) has gained significant attention in the scientific community due to its potential therapeutic properties. This review aims to critically evaluate H2's capacity to enhance athletes` immune function, modulate circadian rhythm, and facilitate recovery from exercise-induced fatigue. News Besides traditional antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity, dihydrogen might enhance athletes` performance and recovery via several other pathways, including circadian rhythm regulation and cellular homeostasis modulation. Prospects and projects By synthesizing the available literature, we assess H2's capacity to enhance athletes` immune function, modulate circadian rhythm, and facilitate recovery from exercise-induced fatigue. Our review presents a scientific rationale for the potential role of H2 as a novel intervention to optimize athletic performance. Conclusion Despite limited research in this area, dihydrogen shows potential for improving sports performance and aiding recovery. Additional investigation is necessary to determine the effectiveness of H2 in regulating circadian rhythm and promoting quality sleep, and well-designed trials are required to establish its efficacy. In addition, further research is necessary to understand the potential effects of H2 on gene regulation and hormonal balance and to translate the theoretical potential of H2 into practical applications.
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