1. An Introduction to Detecting and Identifying Talent 1.1 Natural versus scientific selection 1.2 The Nature View - Arguments for and against 1.3 Summary, and Overview of the Review 2. Research Implications for Talent Detection and Identification Models 2.1 A Review of Relevant Research in Talent Detection and Identification 2.2 NATURE vs NURTURE: Physiological and Anthropometric Correlates of Success 2.2.1 Developmental Considerations 2.2.2 Anthropometrical and Physical Determinants of Performance Vary with Age 2.2.3 Anthropometrical and physical measures are not always consistent performance determinants 2.3 NATURE AND NURTURE: Fundamental Movement Skills 2.4 NURTURE vs NATURE: Psychological Determinants of Excellence 2.5 Summary of Research on Talent Detection and Identification Models 3. Conceptual Models of Talent Detection and Identification 3.1 A Review of Conceptual Models of Talent Detection and Identification 3.2 Implications of a Multiplicative model of talent and individual differences 3.3 Summary 4. Current Practices In Talent Detection and Identification 4.1 Talent Detection and Identification Procedures in Sport 4.1.1 Natural Selection 4.1.2 Anthropometrical and physiological talent identification models 4.1.3 Generic Model 4.2 Non-British Talent Detection and Identification Procedures 4.2.1 Performance Models 4.2.2 Anthropometric Models 4.2.3 Why such success for the Communist nations? 4.2.4 Summary 4.3 Talent Search and Sport Interactive 4.3.1 Empirical basis of Talent Search and Sport Interactive 4.3.2 Performance on basic skills 4.3.3 The Role of Talent Search in the Sporting Success of Australia 5. Talent Detection and Identification Methods in Non-Sport Settings 5.1 Gifted Artists and their Detection/ Identification 5.2 Talent in the World of Dance and Music 5.3 Detection/Identification of Academic Talent 5.4 Summary 6. Addressing the Dichotomy between Empirical Evidence and Practice 6.1 Defining the Dichotomy 6.2 Characterising the 'Hothousing Potential' Environment 6.3 Optimising Environmental Factors to Facilitate Talent Development 6.4 Summary 7. A Theoretical Model of Talent Development - and Best Fits with Practice 7.1 Bloom's Model of Staged Talent Development 7.2 How Valid is Bloom's Model? - Support, Importance & Limitations 7.3 Multiple Developmental Pathways to Excellence 7.4 Existing Applied Models of Talent Development and What is Needed 7.5 Summary 8. Summary of Conclusions and Implications 8.1 Research 8.2 Funding and Direction of Talent Identification Schemes 8.3 Potential Outcomes of Talent Identification and Development Schemes Summary As the review has shown, to date at least, research into TD and the direction of talent detection and identification systems has been somewhat orthogonal. Thus researchers, driven by the professional interest to achieve publications, have confined themselves largely to relatively simplistic uni-dimensional examinations. In the future, multi-factor longitudinal studies must become the norm, with an inter-disciplinary approach essential in order to cater for the known interactions that occur in a multiplicative manner. In a similar fashion, need rather than rational thinking has driven the direction of talent detection and identification schemes. Indeed, it is arguable whether the pressures of World Class Performance plans, the need for ego reinforcement, and the results-based mentality, mean that no true talent detection and identification schemes currently exist in Britain. In the present regard, however, talent detection and identification schemes must be designed, evaluated and refined based on empirical research rather than intuition or immediate need. Consequently, ongoing longitudinal research that tracks a number of youngsters to a number of factors would appear to be required. In short, TOYA, with a much wider focus, needs to be completed. As intimated earlier, it is doubtful whether a 'true' talent detection and identification scheme currently exists in Britain. The focus on current performance rather than potential, which typifies talent detection and identification, is paralleled by the need for successful youth squads that drives the development agenda. Therefore, based on empirical research, agencies need to redirect their performance outcomes towards a more developmental and potential building agenda. In other words, TI and TD should be combined processes that emphasise direction and development instead of the traditional practice of selection and elimination. The duality of goals for such schemes is easily apparent. Seen originally as a means of improving British sporting achievements, TID must now serve a second agenda of equipping and empowering youngsters for a lifetime of greater physical activity. However, although many in performance sport may rankle at this highjacking, in fact the aims and methods for this twin track approach, can sit comfortably together, and indeed, offer a considerable amount of cross-pollination. For the long-term health of TID, and indeed for the long-term health of the nation, for both elite sport and "normals", TD systems should be focused on an early development of motor capacity. This work would enable a wide variety of outcomes including true potential building for performance sport, a contribution towards raising physical activity levels in youngsters and identification/initial rehabilitation for those with mild motor impairment. Subsequent to this, but not too long afterwards, the development of a psychological "excellence profile" would help to equip youngsters for future challenge in whatever domain. In fact, this would seem to fit well with the Government's current initiatives in complex constructs such as citizenship.
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