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Ferreras, D. E., Martinez, A. I., Billings, C. M., Pazdur, H. C., Barandino, A. H. A., Hernandez, R., Rodriguez, T., Hill, C. R., Karlinsky, A., Ng, J. “…While athletes` pre-exercise hydration status is known to have an important impact on a variety of performance metrics, it is unknown whether their pre-exercise hydration is associated with heart rate responses during a subsequent exercise bout. …”

Arndt, T., Seglina, I., Kvarforth, L., Hallström, S., Torniainen, K. “…., Citation2018) are still largely unknown. Furthermore, the result improvements in distance running in the years since AFT was introduced have been greater for elite females compared to males (Bermon et al., Citation2021; Mason et al., Citation2024). …”

Zanini, M., Folland, J. P., Wu, H., Blagrove, R. C. “…Introduction Strength training improves running economy (RE) in a nonfatigued state and performance after prolonged exercise at moderate intensity. However, it is unknown if strength training improves RE durability at marathon race intensity, or high-intensity performance akin to the final stages of a competitive race. …”

Alves de Carvalho, F. “…However, interpretation of this concept is limited because the ideal model is still unknown. Therefore, the investigation of recovery, which is a complex phenomenon, could benefit from assessing a variable that is representative of the whole process and should consider sport specificity. …”

Yokoyama, S., Arita, K., Oshima, S., Otsuka, J., Okamoto, Y., Kato, H., Tazawa, S., Hirai, S., Kajiwara, Y., Kunimasa, Y., Amano, T. “…The metabolic benefits of non-rearfoot strike (non-RFS) running remain unknown because no interventions can alter the runner`s foot strike patterns involuntarily. …”

Perrin, T. P., Gerey, R., Morio, C. Y. M., Feasson, L., Kerhervé, H. A., Rossi, J., Millet, G. Y. “…Introduction Carbon plates have been used to increase running shoes` longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS), but their effect during a long duration run remains unknown. Our study aimed to identify the effect of LBS on energy cost of running (Cr), biomechanics, and fatigue during a half-marathon. …”

Düking, P., Sperlich, B., Voigt, L., Van Hooren, B., Zanini, M., Zinner, C. “…However, the quality of ChatGPT generated training plans based on different input information is unknown. The objective of the study was to evaluate ChatGPT-generated six-week training plans for runners based on different input information granularity. …”

Dines, H. R., Nixon, J., Lockey, S. J., Herbert, A. J., Kipps, C., Pedlar, C. R., Day, S. H., Heffernan, S. M., Antrobus, M. R., Brazier, J., Erskine, R. M., Stebbings, G. K., Hall, E. C. R., Williams, A. G. “…However, their combined contribution to running performance is unknown. We investigated the association of 2 collagen gene SNPs with athlete status and performance in 1,429 Caucasian subjects, including 597 competitive runners (354 men and 243 women) and 832 nonathletes (490 men and 342 women). …”

Scheltinga, B. L., Buurke, J. H., Kok, J. N., Reenalda, J. “…GRF can be estimated outdoors, however, the repeatability of this estimation is unknown. Repeatability is a crucial aspect if a measurement is repeated over prolonged periods of time. …”

Jones, B. D. M., Wheat, J., Middleton, K., Carey, D. L., Heller, B. “…However, for running gait variability measures calculated from wearable device data, it is unknown whether a between-day difference reflects a shift in system dynamics reflective of a change in human health or is a result of poor between-day reliability of the measurement device or the biomechanical signal. …”

Williams, R. R., Somerson, J. S. “…Most surgeons would release their patients to return to shooting sports 12 weeks after surgery. It is unknown how shooting affects implant fixation in vivo.…”

Yao, Z.-F., Sligte, I. G., Ridderinkhof, R. “…., rowers and synchronized swimmers) also show superior EFs performance and differential EF-related functional brain activation remains unknown. Methods We recruited 14 elite closed-skill athletes, all national champions, and internationally competitive in various rowing disciplines, as well as 14 controls matched on gender, age, and education, and had them perform working memory and action inhibition (stop-signal) tasks during fMRI scanning. …”

Benediktsson, S., Johannsson, E., Rygh, C. B., Gundersen, H. “…Whether this affect physical capacity is unknown. Thus, the first aim of the present study is to compare physical capacity between players from Iceland and Norway. …”

Sampson, G., Morton, J. P., Areta, J. L. “…However, the relationship between knowledge and practice in this population is unknown. To investigate this, we assessed the dietary intake in 50 athletes (37 females) who completed endurance events =2.5 h in duration and compared CHO intake against the carbohydrates for endurance athletes in competition questionnaire validated nutrition knowledge questionnaire, with specific questions related to CHO loading, pre-competition meal and during-competition intake. …”

Liu, T., Matijevich, E. S., Chu, Z., Yang, F., Nigg, B. “…Presently, the potential biomechanical effect of the hollow structures on running performance remains unknown. We investigated the role of hollow structures through quantifying the magnitude and timing of foot and footwear work. …”

Foster, C., Barroso, R., Bok, D., Boullosa, D., Casado Alda, A., Cortis, C., Fusco, A., Hanley, B., Skiba, P., de Koning, J. J. “…Pacing behavior has been well studied over the last 30 years, but much remains unknown. It might be related to finishing position, finishing time, and dependent on critical speed (CS), a surrogate of physiologic capacity. …”

Zanini, M., Folland, J. P., Blagrove, R. C. “…Introduction Running economy (RE) deteriorates during prolonged running, although the effect of measuring energy cost (EC) or oxygen cost (OC) on the magnitude of these changes has not been investigated. Similarly, it is unknown if runners` performance level may influence the deterioration of RE during prolonged running. …”

Smee, S. N., Johnson, R., Rush, A., Davey, R. J. “…However, the impact of this strategy on blood glucose responses to exercise is unknown. This study describes the nutritional strategies of an athlete with T1D, who follows a very low carbohydrate diet to manage her condition during an ultra-endurance open-water swimming event. …”

Dunn, R. A., Fry, L. A., Sekiguchi, Y., Benjamin, C. L., Manning, C. N., Huggins, R. A., Stearns, R. L., Casa, D. J. “…Upon heat exposure reduction, intermittent heat training (IHT) may alleviate HA/HAz adaptation decay; however, corresponding VO2max responses are unknown. Hypothesis: VO2max is maintained after HAz/HA; IHT mitigates decrements in aerobic power after HAz/HA. …”

Whitacre, T. D., Stearne, D. J., Clark, K. P. “…In locomotion, the relative phasing of the limbs changes with speed and provides valuable insight to neuromuscular control of gait. At present, it is unknown if individuals trained in sprinting coordinate their limbs differently than runners from other athletic backgrounds. …”