Objectives The deceleration phase of sprinting is important to pacing as it is associated with reduced capacity to produce propulsive force. This study aimed to quantify the propulsive force deterioration (PFD) rate and its relationships with deceleration rate, maximum velocity (vmax), and finishing velocity (vfinish) in 100m, 200m, and 400m elite-level sprinters. Specifically, it aimed to quantify how differences in event-specific demands influence these relationships. Design Cross-sectional. Method Publicly available elite-level men and women split times from 180 sprinting performances were used to estimate PFD rate, rate of deceleration, vmax and vfinish and other explanatory variables. These data were analysed using ANOVA and multivariate regression analyses to determine event-specific differences and strength of associations respectively. Results PFD rate had significant relationships with deceleration rate and vfinish in all events, and with vmax in the 200m and 400m events(p<0.05). Increasing event distance was associated with smaller PFD rate, vmax, vfinish and average race velocity(p<0.05). Deceleration rate was not consistently different between events. Distance to vmax was smaller in the 400m compared to other events (p<0.05). Conclusions Elite-level 200m and 400m sprinters exhibited reduced PFD rate and vmax which are associated with lower deceleration rate and greater vfinish. In the case of the 400m event, this is evidence of an alternate pacing strategy to reduce energy consumption from anaerobic metabolism, whereas in the 200m event it may be due to the biomechanical demands of curve running. Practical Implications - PFD rate, vmax and vfinish: Results show that PFD rate is associated with deceleration rate, vmax and vfinish. Training to maximise vmax and minimising PFD rate (which can be evaluated using the model in this study), will theoretically optimise vfinish and improve race time. - Event-Specific Training: Training programs can be tailored to the unique biomechanical demands of each event and the needs of the athlete by focusing on reducing event-specific PFD rates. - Curve Running Mechanics in the 200m/400m: The findings demonstrate the impact of curve running on maximal force production, vmax and PFD rate in the 200m and 400m event. Training to improve inside-leg biomechanics and regulation of lateral forces may enhance vmax and overall performance. - Pacing Optimisation in the 400m: Results highlight the importance of a controlled acceleration phase and vmax to reduce the PFD rate and optimise vfinish in the 400m event. - Minimising Velocity Loss through PFD Regulation: The association between PFD rate and vfinish emphasises the importance of regulating PFD in all sprinting events. Strength and conditioning programs targeting maintenance of higher velocities and reduced PFD rate may be beneficial.
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