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Ferreras, D. E., Martinez, A. I., Billings, C. M., Pazdur, H. C., Barandino, A. H. A., Hernandez, R., Rodriguez, T., Hill, C. R., Karlinsky, A., Ng, J. “…While athletes` pre-exercise hydration status is known to have an important impact on a variety of performance metrics, it is unknown whether their pre-exercise hydration is associated with heart rate responses during a subsequent exercise bout. …”

Mateo-March, M., Barranco-Gil, D., Hernández-Belmonte, A., Javaloyes, A., Muriel, X., Pallarés, J. G., Lucia, A., Valenzuela, P. L. “…However, its reliability remains unknown. In this study, we assessed the repeatability of durability (determined as the decline in power output after accumulated work). …”

Zanini, M., Folland, J. P., Wu, H., Blagrove, R. C. “…Introduction Strength training improves running economy (RE) in a nonfatigued state and performance after prolonged exercise at moderate intensity. However, it is unknown if strength training improves RE durability at marathon race intensity, or high-intensity performance akin to the final stages of a competitive race. …”

Alves de Carvalho, F. “…However, interpretation of this concept is limited because the ideal model is still unknown. Therefore, the investigation of recovery, which is a complex phenomenon, could benefit from assessing a variable that is representative of the whole process and should consider sport specificity. …”

Perrin, T. P., Gerey, R., Morio, C. Y. M., Feasson, L., Kerhervé, H. A., Rossi, J., Millet, G. Y. “…Introduction Carbon plates have been used to increase running shoes` longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS), but their effect during a long duration run remains unknown. Our study aimed to identify the effect of LBS on energy cost of running (Cr), biomechanics, and fatigue during a half-marathon. …”

Yao, Z.-F., Sligte, I. G., Ridderinkhof, R. “…., rowers and synchronized swimmers) also show superior EFs performance and differential EF-related functional brain activation remains unknown. Methods We recruited 14 elite closed-skill athletes, all national champions, and internationally competitive in various rowing disciplines, as well as 14 controls matched on gender, age, and education, and had them perform working memory and action inhibition (stop-signal) tasks during fMRI scanning. …”

Sampson, G., Morton, J. P., Areta, J. L. “…However, the relationship between knowledge and practice in this population is unknown. To investigate this, we assessed the dietary intake in 50 athletes (37 females) who completed endurance events =2.5 h in duration and compared CHO intake against the carbohydrates for endurance athletes in competition questionnaire validated nutrition knowledge questionnaire, with specific questions related to CHO loading, pre-competition meal and during-competition intake. …”

Foster, C., Barroso, R., Bok, D., Boullosa, D., Casado Alda, A., Cortis, C., Fusco, A., Hanley, B., Skiba, P., de Koning, J. J. “…Pacing behavior has been well studied over the last 30 years, but much remains unknown. It might be related to finishing position, finishing time, and dependent on critical speed (CS), a surrogate of physiologic capacity. …”

Zanini, M., Folland, J. P., Blagrove, R. C. “…Introduction Running economy (RE) deteriorates during prolonged running, although the effect of measuring energy cost (EC) or oxygen cost (OC) on the magnitude of these changes has not been investigated. Similarly, it is unknown if runners` performance level may influence the deterioration of RE during prolonged running. …”

Smee, S. N., Johnson, R., Rush, A., Davey, R. J. “…However, the impact of this strategy on blood glucose responses to exercise is unknown. This study describes the nutritional strategies of an athlete with T1D, who follows a very low carbohydrate diet to manage her condition during an ultra-endurance open-water swimming event. …”

Barranco-Gil, D., Muriel, X., Lucia, A., Joyner, M. J., DeSouza, C. A., Valenzuela, P. L. “…Cycling Grand Tours are arguably the epitome of strenuous endurance exercise, and they have been reported to represent the ceiling of sustained energy expenditure for humans. It remains unknown, however, if an average recreational athlete could endure such an event. …”

du Plessis, C., Andrews, M., King, T., Giorgi, H. P., Cochrane Wilkie, J., Blazevich, A. J. “…Over a large range (40-180 rpm), higher cadences are associated with a higher energy cost and fatigue, yet the effect of small changes in cadence in experienced cyclists during an IP is unknown. Our purpose was to test whether small changes in cadence (as a proxy for gearing) meaningfully impact a cyclist`s oxygen uptake kinetics, joint-specific torque- and- power distributions, and performance fatigability. …”

Bellinger, P., Minahan, C., Derave, W., Lievens, E., Kennedy, B., Crampton, M., Wackwitz, T. “…., a greater proportion of type II fibres)1,2. Nonetheless, it is unknown whether muscle typology underpins the key characteristics (i.e., Pmax and fatigue rate) of track sprint cycling. …”

Franco-Alvarenga, P. E., dos Santos Cechetti, M., Barcelos, D., Canestri, R., Brietzke, C., Vinicius, I., Goethel, M. F., Ferreira, G. A., Pires, F. O. “…Purpose: Local cooling with ice massage is a practical and inexpensive technique to decrease perceptual stress and improve motor performance in hot environments. However, it is unknown whether local cooling with ice massage reduces perceptual responses to exercise and improves performance in a normothermic environment. …”

de Almeida-Neto, P. F., Baxter-Jones, A., de Medeiros, J. A., Dantas, P. M. S., de Araújo Tinôco Cabral, B. G.. “…In the adolescent athletes much is unknown with regards to the relationships between relative power of upper and lower limbs with speed swimming performance. …”

Weiss, K., Seffrin, A., Andrade, M. S., Ahmad, W., Forte, P., Moreitz, S., Stanula, A., Cuk, I., Nikolaidis, P. T., Knechtle, B. “…While the butterfly stroke has received considerable attention in sports science, the origin of the fastest master butterfly swimmers remains unknown. The present study investigated which geographical locations produce the top-performing master butterfly swimmers within their age groups and gender. …”

Lundby, C., Hamarsland, H., Hansen, J., Bjørndal, H., Berge, S. N., Hammarstöm, D., Rønnestad, B. R. “…The underlying mechanisms remain partly unresolved, and it is unknown if female and male athletes may experience comparable gains. …”

Olstad, B. H., Ophus, E., Buvarp, M. H., Ljødal, I., Gonjo, T. “…Whether these relationships also exist for middle-distance swimming is unknown. The purpose of the present study was therefore to investigate whether load-velocity profile outcome parameters would be related to 200 m front crawl performance for national elite junior swimmers.…”

Hara, R., Fujimoto, T., Miki, J., Ueno, K. “…Nikolaidis et al. (2018) reported gender differences in race strategy for channel crossing swims, which are longer than regular OWS events, however, much remains unknown about gender differences in race strategy for the 10 km OWS. …”

Soares, S., Sampaio, A., Costa, M. J., Ferreira, F., Vieira, L., Fernandes, A., Fernandes, R. J., Vilas-Boas, J. P. “…However, how training changes the performance monitored through anaerobic fatigue thresholds is still unknown. This study aimed to assess changes in anaerobic performance and anaerobic fatigue thresholds, determined through the velocimetry method, imposed by a training macrocycle. …”