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Brittain, J. J. “…Itself a unique outlier when related to for-profit sport, contemporary professional male road cycling also provides a subject that can be framed as an outsider. Where most high-performance sports applaud expressions of visible musculinity, the peloton demarcates power not through strength-as-observable but rather the absence thereof. …”

Sendra-Pérez, C. “…The development of non-invasive near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology has revolutionized the ability to perform muscle oxygenation measurements outside the laboratory context. In this regard, portable devices using this technology employ muscle oxygen saturation as a key variable to assess the availability of oxygen in muscles. …”

Markey, K., Galan-Lopez, N., Esh, C., Carter, S., Chrismas, B., Mountjoy, M., Constantini, N., Taylor, L.

Thompson, I. M., Audot, D. A. G., Warner, M. B., Banks, J., Logan, O., Hudson, D. “…By selecting an area of interest that excluded areas with low accuracy near domain borders, measurement error reduced by up to 0.13 mm, up to 1.27 mm lower than outside this area. Interpolated error indicated that intracyclic measurement error may alter measured kinematics by up to 13.80 mm, with error greater than 5 mm affecting over 50% of the kick cycle. …”

Stewart, H. E., Alcantara, R. S., Farina, K. A., Hahn, M. E., Grabowski, A. M., Kram, R., Wilcox, R. R., McNitt-Gray, J. L. “…However, injured runners without impact peaks had more variables outside the normative boundaries than noninjured runners (P < .001). …”

Riska, D., Putala, M., Grznar, L., Tolkounov, T. “…The relationship between body core temperature and the subjective feeling of load came out at the level of r =0.8056; r²= 0,6489; p < 0.01** when riding in low temperature and r =0.6998; r²= 0,4897; p<0.05* when riding in high outside temperature. The relationship between core body temperature and blood lactate level was r=0.695; r² = 0,4830; p < 0.05* when riding in low temperature and r =0.7356; r²=0,5411; p<0.05* when riding in high temperature. …”

Feier, I. I., Bauer, A. P. “…Crosswind CFD simulations indicated performance decline for the disk outside a negative 6° to positive 7.5° angle range (the caliper was enhanced above negative 6°). …”

Crotti, G., Cantù, R., Malavasi, S., Gatti, G., Laurano, C., Svelto, C. “…The wetsuit`s cylindrical surface allows heat flow from the warmer water on the inside to the colder water on the outside through the wetsuit area. In the first case, a thermal steady state was achieved, with constant heat flow from the phantom to the exterior. …”

Barnes, C., Hopker, J., Gibson, S. “…Overall this study finds that with machine learning techniques it is possible to identify positions of a rider on a bike just from the raw force data and with further research there is potential to determine a continuous range of positions outside of the discrete positons investigated in this study.…”

Mason, J., Starc, L., Morin, J.-B., McClelland, E. L., Zech, A. “…We subsequently provide our perspective on why women may be benefiting from the new generation of shoes more than men, suggest potential mechanisms leading to hypotheses that need to be further investigated in upcoming studies, and finally propose that factors outside of footwear innovation may have concurrently driven the recently observed performance evolutions.…”

Eriksson, R., Nicander, J., Johansson, M., Mattsson, C. M. “…As such, it is often exclusively available to top tier athletes. Many athletes outside the elite do not have access or cannot afford to hire a professional coach to help them create their training plans. …”

Grant, M. A., Schempp, P. G., Grant, J. T. “…Four results of note were reported. First, adaptations outside venue depended on format and/or individual schedule; adaptations inside the venue were in response to how they felt and their surroundings. …”

Cintineo, H. P., Bello, M. L., Walker, A. J., Chandler, A. J., McFadden, B. A., Arent, S. M. “…The reason for changes observed in testosterone, cortisol, and body composition following the last competition is unclear, though it may be attributed to changes in stressors and recovery practices outside of training. It is recommended that athletes follow a structured plan during the transition period into the offseason to ensure recovery of physiological state and to set up a productive offseason.…”

Javaloyes, A., Mateo-March, M. “…Furthermore, thanks to technology, it is very easy to monitor data outside of training that can influence the adaptive process and the cyclist's performance. …”

Mantzios, K., Ioannou, L. G., Panagiotaki, Z., Ziaka, S., Périard, J. D., Racinais, S., Nybo, L., Flouris, A. D. “…For every degree WBGT outside these optimum conditions, performance declined by 0.3%-0.4%. …”

Pollen, T. R., Ebaugh, D., Mohring, J., Hutchinson, D., Silfies, S. P. “…Main Outcome Measures: Seven UL errors in FC swimming technique, many of which involved unnecessary vertical and mediolateral motions, were assessed in real time from outside the pool during swim practice. Test-retest reliability, interrater reliability, and criterion validity were calculated using Cohen kappa (k) and weighted kappa (kw). …”

Docter, H., de Koning, J. J., FACSM, Noordhof, A. “…The Cosmed Quark CPET was situated outside the climatic chamber to protect the device from the cold. …”

“…The ABP allows to monitor hematological variations in athletes using selected primary blood biomarkers [hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and reticulocyte percentage (Ret%)] with an adaptive Bayesian model to set individual upper and lower limits. If values fall outside the individual limits, an athlete may be further targeted and ultimately sanctioned. …”

Bellinger, P., Lievens, E., Kennedy, B., Rice, H., Derave, W., Minahan, C. “…Swimmers were categorized by their best stroke, distance category (sprinters, 50-100 m; middle distance, 200-400 m; or long distance, 800 m-open water), and performance level (world-class, world top 10, or elite and world top 100 swimmers outside of the world top 10). Results: There was no significant difference in the CAZ score of sprint- (-0.08 [0.55]), middle- (-0.17 [0.70]), or long-distance swimmers (-0.30 [0.75], P = .693). …”

Foster, C., Barroso, R., Bok, D., Boullosa, D., Casado, A., Cortis, C., de Knoning, J. J., Fusco, A., Haugen, T. “…This is not normally definable outside the laboratory. Purpose: This study predicts vVO2max from CS, determined from 1 (1.61 km) and 2 (3.22 km) citizen races in well-trained runners. …”