Kinematic and biomechanical examination of the underwater undulatory swimming (USS) and its application during the start, turn and swimming strokes Conclusions: UUS shows a simple vortex generation (in spite of its complexity) in relation to other propulsive techniques, as flow visualisation confirms. The high velocities obtained by some swimmers using UUS forces this technique to be used by all competitive swimmers specially in short course competition where the number of turns is greater. This fact demands more training in this technique and not only during the start practices. Each turn has to be followed by longer UUS distances. Simple methods of flow visualization, as shown in text, can be used by the coach to evaluate this technique. The surprising performances of some swimmers including UUS in the freestyle opens the way to new research in swimming technique.
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