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Ferreras, D. E., Martinez, A. I., Billings, C. M., Pazdur, H. C., Barandino, A. H. A., Hernandez, R., Rodriguez, T., Hill, C. R., Karlinsky, A., Ng, J. “…While athletes` pre-exercise hydration status is known to have an important impact on a variety of performance metrics, it is unknown whether their pre-exercise hydration is associated with heart rate responses during a subsequent exercise bout. …”

Redinger, A. L., Allen, S. M. F., Montgomery, S. A., Spokely, N. J., Trevino, M. A., Baker, B. S. “…Cross-Country and Track (XCT) athletes` training volume is often dictated by season, eliciting lower body musculoskeletal adaptations; but how these alterations impact seasonal injury risk is unknown. PURPOSE: To evaluate site-specific musculotendinous characteristics using diagnostic ultrasonography and musculoskeletal indices using Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) in NCAA Division I XCT athletes across competitive seasons. …”

Arndt, T., Seglina, I., Kvarforth, L., Hallström, S., Torniainen, K. “…., Citation2018) are still largely unknown. Furthermore, the result improvements in distance running in the years since AFT was introduced have been greater for elite females compared to males (Bermon et al., Citation2021; Mason et al., Citation2024). …”

Zanini, M., Folland, J. P., Wu, H., Blagrove, R. C. “…Introduction Strength training improves running economy (RE) in a nonfatigued state and performance after prolonged exercise at moderate intensity. However, it is unknown if strength training improves RE durability at marathon race intensity, or high-intensity performance akin to the final stages of a competitive race. …”

Perrin, T. P., Gerey, R., Morio, C. Y. M., Feasson, L., Kerhervé, H. A., Rossi, J., Millet, G. Y. “…Introduction Carbon plates have been used to increase running shoes` longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS), but their effect during a long duration run remains unknown. Our study aimed to identify the effect of LBS on energy cost of running (Cr), biomechanics, and fatigue during a half-marathon. …”

Düking, P., Sperlich, B., Voigt, L., Van Hooren, B., Zanini, M., Zinner, C. “…However, the quality of ChatGPT generated training plans based on different input information is unknown. The objective of the study was to evaluate ChatGPT-generated six-week training plans for runners based on different input information granularity. …”

Dines, H. R., Nixon, J., Lockey, S. J., Herbert, A. J., Kipps, C., Pedlar, C. R., Day, S. H., Heffernan, S. M., Antrobus, M. R., Brazier, J., Erskine, R. M., Stebbings, G. K., Hall, E. C. R., Williams, A. G. “…However, their combined contribution to running performance is unknown. We investigated the association of 2 collagen gene SNPs with athlete status and performance in 1,429 Caucasian subjects, including 597 competitive runners (354 men and 243 women) and 832 nonathletes (490 men and 342 women). …”

Scheltinga, B. L., Buurke, J. H., Kok, J. N., Reenalda, J. “…GRF can be estimated outdoors, however, the repeatability of this estimation is unknown. Repeatability is a crucial aspect if a measurement is repeated over prolonged periods of time. …”

Jones, B. D. M., Wheat, J., Middleton, K., Carey, D. L., Heller, B. “…However, for running gait variability measures calculated from wearable device data, it is unknown whether a between-day difference reflects a shift in system dynamics reflective of a change in human health or is a result of poor between-day reliability of the measurement device or the biomechanical signal. …”

Liu, T., Matijevich, E. S., Chu, Z., Yang, F., Nigg, B. “…Presently, the potential biomechanical effect of the hollow structures on running performance remains unknown. We investigated the role of hollow structures through quantifying the magnitude and timing of foot and footwear work. …”

Foster, C., Barroso, R., Bok, D., Boullosa, D., Casado Alda, A., Cortis, C., Fusco, A., Hanley, B., Skiba, P., de Koning, J. J. “…Pacing behavior has been well studied over the last 30 years, but much remains unknown. It might be related to finishing position, finishing time, and dependent on critical speed (CS), a surrogate of physiologic capacity. …”

Zanini, M., Folland, J. P., Blagrove, R. C. “…Introduction Running economy (RE) deteriorates during prolonged running, although the effect of measuring energy cost (EC) or oxygen cost (OC) on the magnitude of these changes has not been investigated. Similarly, it is unknown if runners` performance level may influence the deterioration of RE during prolonged running. …”

Dunn, R. A., Fry, L. A., Sekiguchi, Y., Benjamin, C. L., Manning, C. N., Huggins, R. A., Stearns, R. L., Casa, D. J. “…Upon heat exposure reduction, intermittent heat training (IHT) may alleviate HA/HAz adaptation decay; however, corresponding VO2max responses are unknown. Hypothesis: VO2max is maintained after HAz/HA; IHT mitigates decrements in aerobic power after HAz/HA. …”

Ribeiro, M. T. S., Conceição, F., Pacheco, M. M. “…The underlying reason for this is still unknown.…”

Sippl, J., Platen, P. “…However, the cyclic fluctuations of anabolic steroid hormones such as testosterone and its metabolites, which are secreted from both ovaries and adrenal cortex, and the influence of hormonal oral contraception (OC) are largely unknown in elite female athletes. As the phases of MC might have influence on athletic performance and strength training adaptations (1), a deeper understanding of the secretion and metabolism of anabolic steroid hormones through the MC is needed. …”

Franco-Alvarenga, P. E., dos Santos Cechetti, M., Barcelos, D., Canestri, R., Brietzke, C., Vinicius, I., Goethel, M. F., Ferreira, G. A., Pires, F. O. “…Purpose: Local cooling with ice massage is a practical and inexpensive technique to decrease perceptual stress and improve motor performance in hot environments. However, it is unknown whether local cooling with ice massage reduces perceptual responses to exercise and improves performance in a normothermic environment. …”

Rodrigo-Carranza, V., González-Mohíno, F., Casado, A., Santos-Concejero, J., Galán-Rioja, M. A., González-Ravé, J. M.

Fulton, T. J., Sundberg, C. W., Arney, B. E., Hunter, S. K. “…The mechanism for the larger sex difference in CS in the older age groups is unknown but may indicate physiological differences that occur with aging and/or historical sociological factors that have reduced participation opportunities of older female runners resulting in a more limited talent pool.…”

King, D., Burnie, L., Nagahara, R., Bezodis, N. E. “…In track sprinting, acceleration performance is largely determined by the ability to generate a high ratio of forces (RF), but the technical features associated with this remain unknown. This study therefore investigated the relationships between selected kinematic characteristics and RF during the initial acceleration phase. …”

Ruggiero, L., Carpi, M., Minetti, A. E. “…However, whether wearing rocker-profile shoes influence the dynamics of the body centre of mass (BCoM) is unknown. We used a mathematical procedure combining Lissajous contours and Fourier analysis to describe the 3D trajectory of the BCoM in walking with rocker-profile (RollingSole) and flat (Control) shoes at 0.97, 1.25, and 1.53 m s-1 in 30 participants. …”