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Ferreras, D. E., Martinez, A. I., Billings, C. M., Pazdur, H. C., Barandino, A. H. A., Hernandez, R., Rodriguez, T., Hill, C. R., Karlinsky, A., Ng, J. “…While athletes` pre-exercise hydration status is known to have an important impact on a variety of performance metrics, it is unknown whether their pre-exercise hydration is associated with heart rate responses during a subsequent exercise bout. …”

Zanini, M., Folland, J. P., Wu, H., Blagrove, R. C. “…Introduction Strength training improves running economy (RE) in a nonfatigued state and performance after prolonged exercise at moderate intensity. However, it is unknown if strength training improves RE durability at marathon race intensity, or high-intensity performance akin to the final stages of a competitive race. …”

Perrin, T. P., Gerey, R., Morio, C. Y. M., Feasson, L., Kerhervé, H. A., Rossi, J., Millet, G. Y. “…Introduction Carbon plates have been used to increase running shoes` longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS), but their effect during a long duration run remains unknown. Our study aimed to identify the effect of LBS on energy cost of running (Cr), biomechanics, and fatigue during a half-marathon. …”

Foster, C., Barroso, R., Bok, D., Boullosa, D., Casado Alda, A., Cortis, C., Fusco, A., Hanley, B., Skiba, P., de Koning, J. J. “…Pacing behavior has been well studied over the last 30 years, but much remains unknown. It might be related to finishing position, finishing time, and dependent on critical speed (CS), a surrogate of physiologic capacity. …”

Zanini, M., Folland, J. P., Blagrove, R. C. “…Introduction Running economy (RE) deteriorates during prolonged running, although the effect of measuring energy cost (EC) or oxygen cost (OC) on the magnitude of these changes has not been investigated. Similarly, it is unknown if runners` performance level may influence the deterioration of RE during prolonged running. …”

Franco-Alvarenga, P. E., dos Santos Cechetti, M., Barcelos, D., Canestri, R., Brietzke, C., Vinicius, I., Goethel, M. F., Ferreira, G. A., Pires, F. O. “…Purpose: Local cooling with ice massage is a practical and inexpensive technique to decrease perceptual stress and improve motor performance in hot environments. However, it is unknown whether local cooling with ice massage reduces perceptual responses to exercise and improves performance in a normothermic environment. …”

Rodrigo-Carranza, V., González-Mohíno, F., Casado, A., Santos-Concejero, J., Galán-Rioja, M. A., González-Ravé, J. M.

Fulton, T. J., Sundberg, C. W., Arney, B. E., Hunter, S. K. “…The mechanism for the larger sex difference in CS in the older age groups is unknown but may indicate physiological differences that occur with aging and/or historical sociological factors that have reduced participation opportunities of older female runners resulting in a more limited talent pool.…”

Ruggiero, L., Carpi, M., Minetti, A. E. “…However, whether wearing rocker-profile shoes influence the dynamics of the body centre of mass (BCoM) is unknown. We used a mathematical procedure combining Lissajous contours and Fourier analysis to describe the 3D trajectory of the BCoM in walking with rocker-profile (RollingSole) and flat (Control) shoes at 0.97, 1.25, and 1.53 m s-1 in 30 participants. …”

Garcia, M. C., Heiderscheit, B. C., Murray, A. M., Norte, G. E., Kraus, E., Bazett-Jones, D. M. “…While differences in pelvis and hip motion have been reported among adolescent female and male long-distance runners of different stages of physical maturation, the influence of sex and/or maturation on temporal-spatial parameters is unknown for adolescent runners. Adolescent runners of different stages of physical maturation (pre-, mid-, post-pubertal) completed an overground running analysis at a self-selected speed. …”

Marberry, S. M., Filmalter, S. E., Pujalte, G. G., Presley, J. C., DeMatas, K. F., Montero, D. P., Israni, K., Ball, C. T., Maynard, J. R. “…It is unknown whether ultrasound findings and symptoms of Achilles tendinopathy in runners correlate with foot strike patterns. …”

Kraemer, W., Nitka, M. “…Although concurrent training methods and strategies have been examined to a large extent in endurance cyclists and runners, literature examining optimal concurrent training methods to improve physiological variables in long-distance triathletes is minimal, leaving optimal programming relatively unknown. This practical applications paper identifies and outlines current concepts and considerations regarding concurrent training for long-distance triathletes including mechanisms contributing to improved performance, muscle and movement patterns used, exercise selection, load, velocity of movement, scheduling, frequency, and duration of training. …”

Baldwin, K. M., Badenhorst, C. E., Cripps, A. J., Landers, G. J., Merrells, R. J., Bulsara, M. K., Hoyne, G. F. “…Although concurrent training methods and strategies have been examined to a large extent in endurance cyclists and runners, literature examining optimal concurrent training methods to improve physiological variables in long-distance triathletes is minimal, leaving optimal programming relatively unknown. This practical applications paper identifies and outlines current concepts and considerations regarding concurrent training for long-distance triathletes including mechanisms contributing to improved performance, muscle and movement patterns used, exercise selection, load, velocity of movement, scheduling, frequency, and duration of training. …”

Riedl, M., Roediger, J., Pohlmann, J., Hesse, J., Warschun, F., Wolfarth, B., Ueberschär, O. “…The reason why the stress fracture occurs unilaterally on a specific side of the sacrum thus seems to be of unknown internal nature. The need for more research is clearly indicated. …”

Venckunas, T., Balsys, D. “…BACKGROUND: Exercise induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is common and underdiagnosed phenomenon of yet largely unknown etiology. This study aimed to estimate prevalence of EIB in response to highly demanding skyscraper race and to test its association with race performance and hypothetical predisposing factors. …”

Toraishi, M., Uenishi, K., Iwamoto, J., Otani, T. “…However, the influence of Vitamin A intake on the risk of stress fractures remains unknown. This prospective study aimed to investigate the association between Vitamin A intake, and stress fracture occurrence in male collegiate long-distance runners. …”

O`Connor, P. J., Kancheva, M. “…Advancing clock times by 1 h in the spring to daylight savings time and setting clock times back 1 h in the autumn to standard time disrupts circadian timing, sleep and skilled motor behavior such as driving an automobile. It is unknown if endurance performance is impacted by daylight savings transition (DST). …”

Garcia, M. C., Taylor-Haas, J. A., Rauh, M. J., Toland, M. D., Bazett-Jones, D. M. “…However, whether the findings on sport specialization in predominantly nonrunning athletes are generalizable to adolescent long-distance runners is unknown. Objective: To compare injury history, running volume, quality of life, sleep habits, and running enjoyment among male and female middle school and high school long-distance runners at different sport specialization levels. …”

Fukano, M., Nakagawa, K., Inami, T., Higashihara, A., Iizuka, S., Narita, T., Maemichi, T., Yoshimura, A., Yamaguchi, S., Iso, S. “…Long-distance running results in lowering of the foot medial longitudinal arch, but it is unknown whether the left and right arches decrease equally. …”

Boullosa, D., Dragutinovic, B., Feuerbacher, J., Benítez-Flores, S., Coyle, E., Schumann, M. “…The effects of short sprint interval training (sSIT) with efforts of =10 s on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), aerobic and anaerobic performances remain unknown. To verify the effectiveness of sSIT in physically active adults and athletes, a systematic literature search was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). …”