The angular velocities during ball throw are extremely high and whole ball throw in handball can be described as open kinetic chain action. The ball throw in handball follows a common proximal to distal principle with the movement initiation in the hip and torso rotation. The kinetic energy is than transferred to shoulder complex and elbow and movement ends in the wrist. To perform well and to achieve high ball velocities the muscle strength (and power) as well as intermuscle co-ordination of shoulder complex is of crucial importance as well as the good concentric-eccentric coupling. Differences in IR and ER strength ratios appear to be related to injury in almost all players whose sports involve overhead throwing activities, such as baseball, water polo, tennis, handball, and volleyball. We have searched a Pubmed archive in November 2015 using a search "isokinetic and shoulder and handball" in order to identify studies of interest. Additional filter for English language was also used. The studies of interest were published in the period 1996-2015. For the purposes of further analysis we have collected a full texts of all studies to thoroughly review the testing procedures used for the assessment of shoulder external and internal rotators strength.
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