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Silverthorne, K., Morrison, M., Cowley, N., Munteanu, G., Creaby, M. W., Timmins, R. G., Chiang, C.-Y., Weakley, J. “…., the prevalence of performance-enhancing drug use, which was last reported in 2003 and is currently unknown). Thus, this review highlights several areas for future research based on the gaps in the existing literature and provides a range of recommendations that can be implemented to improve reporting, transparency, and interpretation.…”

Siqueira-Moraes, L., Batista Simões, C., de Souza, W., Adler Gomes-Martins, G., Dias Nascimento, C., Ramos Dalla Bernardina, G., Alencar de Carvalho, F., Heleno Chagas, M., Sales Prado, L., Silva, A., Túlio de Mello, M., da Silva, G., Pinheiro Gonçalves, D. “…Background Apnea training has shown promise in enhancing psychophysiological parameters in athletes, but its effects on para-swimmers, especially the short-term wet static apnea training (WSAT) protocol, are largely unknown. Methods Five para-swimmers from the Sports Training Center at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais participated in a 5-week study performing high external swimming training loads and maximal strength training in weeks 1, 2, 4, and 5, and recovery in week 3 with low-intensity and low-volume swimming. …”

Deshpande, Y., Jackson, R., King, M., Cockram, A., Goosey-Tolfrey, V. “…With no existing research exploring the time constraints in wheelchair tennis (WT), the role of anticipation in effectively returning WT serves is unknown. Therefore, the aims of this study were (1) to quantify the time constraints in the serve return dyad in WT, (2) to understand the relationship between serve quality, receiver response, and return shot outcomes, and (3) discuss the importance of anticipation skill in WT serve returns. …”

Adam, F., Derman, W., Schwellnus, M., Boer, P.-H., Jordaan, E., Runciman, P. “…Impairment types: brain disorders (BD), limb deficiency, neuromuscular disorders (NMD), spinal cord-related disorders, visual impairment (VI) and `all others` (OTH: impaired passive range of movement, intellectual impairment, leg length difference, short stature and unknown impairments). Results by impairment type are reported as univariate unadjusted incidences (injuries/1000 athlete days; 95% CIs). …”

Pilon, F., Prince, F. “…The potential link between a country`s scientific productivity and its podium wins remains unknown for the Paralympic Games. This study aimed to (1) quantify the link between the production of Paralympic scientific articles and the medals won by countries during Summer/Winter Paralympic Games between 2012 and 2022, and (2) select the five most important articles published for all Paralympic sports. …”

Severin, A. C., Baumgart, J. K., Kocbach, J. “…The extent to which the functional trunk ROM differs between the classes remains unknown and should be subject to further research. …”

De Arruda, S. F., De Oliveira, J. I. V., Dantas, M. J. B., Da Cunha Costa, M., Guedes Leite de Oliveira, L. I., Melo de Oliveira, S. F. “…Introduction: Although studies have been conducted in the athlete population during the pandemic, its impacts on Paralympic athletes are still unknown. Objective: To evaluate the mood and quality of life of Paralympic boccia players during the COVID-19 pandemic period. …”

Jonvik, K. L., Vardardottir, B., Broad, E. “…The incidence of LEA in Paralympic athletes is relatively unknown; however, there are legitimate concerns that Para athletes may be at even higher risk of LEA than able-bodied athletes. …”

Severin, A. C., Podolski, M., Sandback, Ø., Kocbach, J., Baumgart, J. K. “…The sport is performed across different terrains (uphill, downhill, flat), but it remains unknown whether cer tain terrain types affect performance in the different classes disproportionally. …”

Myint, J., Latham, K., Mann, D., Gomersall, P., Wilkins, A. J., Allen, P.M. “…Rifle shooting represents an ideal sport for persons with vision impairment (VI) because the direction of the rifle can be guided by auditory information when vision is impaired. However, it is unknown whether those with some remaining vision when shooting with auditory guidance would be at an advantage when compared with those with no vision at all. …”

Nesheim, O. S., Bentengen, D. H., Eikevåg, S. W., Steinert, M. “…This article investigates human geometry in design, allowing exploration of unknown geometries in Paralympic sports equipment. …”

Caraballo, I., Cruz-Leon, C., Pérez-Bey, A., Gutiérrez-Manzanedo, J. V. “…However, it is still unknown the variables that determine performance. …”

Hogarth, L., Oh, Y.-T., Osborough, C., Osborough, C., Formosa, D., Hunter, A., Alcock, A., Burkett, B., Payton, C. “…For swimmers with physical impairments, the strength of association between passive drag and swimming performance is unknown. Knowledge on this factor could improve the World Para Swimming classification process. …”

Fahs, C. A., Humphries, K., Campbell, M. “…Total lean body mass (LBM) is related to the absolute load lifted in the bench press in powerlifters with physical disabilities, but the relationship between relative performance and regional LBM is unknown. Objectives: The purpose of this pilot study was to 1) examine the regional body composition characteristics of competitive powerlifters with physical disabilities and 2) to determine the relationships between relative performance and regional LBM in these powerlifters. …”

Lewis, A. R., Haydon, D. S., Phillips, E. J., Grimshaw, P. N., Pinder, R. A., Winter, J., Robertson, W. S. P., Portus, M. R. “…The effects of IMU placement position on the identification of propulsion characteristics are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the variability in the reliability of cycle time measurements (time between hand contacts) across IMU locations on the chair frame (axle housings), and wheels (axle, push rim, outer rim), on both the left and right sides (n=8). …”

Perret, C., Van Biesen, D., Strupler, M., Pit-Grosheide, P., Vanlandewijck, Y. “…Purpose: Ingestion of sildenafil citrate has performance-enhancing effects at high altitudes above 3800 m in able-bodied individuals. It is unknown whether it can improve the performance of athletes with spinal cord injury (SCI) at moderate altitudes (<2200 m), relevant to Paralympic competitions. …”

Fulton, S. K. “…The characteristics of a swimmer`s kick are unknown. The kick is partially obscured by turbulence and therefore difficult to measure. …”

Eikevåg, S. W., Kvam, A., Bjølseth, M. K., Erichsen, J. F., Steinert, M. “…When designing high performance sports equipment for Paralympic athletes, there are many unknowns for the design engineer to consider. The design challenge is an optimisation task per individual athlete. …”

Stephenson, B. T. “…Thus, this thesis aimed to elucidate these unknown areas whilst bridging the knowledge gap to research in able-bodied triathlon. …”

Yanagisawa, N., Wada, K., Spengler, J. D., Sanchez-Pina, R. “…Preparation for emerging infectious threats is essential even in places where these outbreaks have been largely unknown. The aim of this study is to identify strategies for early detection and prevention of dengue infection during the 2020 summer Olympics and Paralympics in Tokyo. …”