From July to September 2021, the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 (OGT) and Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020 (PGT) were held after a one-year postponement. The number of participants from outside Japan was estimated as 71,000, including 11,656 OGT and 4403 PGT athletes [1]. Two core infection control strategies applied in these events were bubble scheme and frequent testing. Bubble scheme consists of a series of measures which separate participants from the general public. Athletes were not allowed to travel outside of accommodations and competition venues [2]. Further, they were only allowed to use transportation systems prepared for these events and can only contact with a pre-submitted list of individuals [2]. With regards to a testing strategy, athletes and officials received daily quantitative saliva antigen test and subsequent saliva real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test following positive antigen test. Other personnel received regular but a varying frequency of saliva RT-PCR test depending on a degree of contacts with athletes [2]. In addition, athletes and personnel from abroad were also required to take two COVID-19 tests such as RT-PCR and quantitative antigen tests within 96 hours of their flight's departure, take quantitative saliva antigen test on arrival, and quarantine and daily quantitative saliva antigen or saliva RT-PCR tests for the first three days [2].
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