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Mateo-March, M., Barranco-Gil, D., Hernández-Belmonte, A., Javaloyes, A., Muriel, X., Pallarés, J. G., Lucia, A., Valenzuela, P. L. “…However, its reliability remains unknown. In this study, we assessed the repeatability of durability (determined as the decline in power output after accumulated work). …”

Sampson, G., Morton, J. P., Areta, J. L. “…However, the relationship between knowledge and practice in this population is unknown. To investigate this, we assessed the dietary intake in 50 athletes (37 females) who completed endurance events =2.5 h in duration and compared CHO intake against the carbohydrates for endurance athletes in competition questionnaire validated nutrition knowledge questionnaire, with specific questions related to CHO loading, pre-competition meal and during-competition intake. …”

Barranco-Gil, D., Muriel, X., Lucia, A., Joyner, M. J., DeSouza, C. A., Valenzuela, P. L. “…Cycling Grand Tours are arguably the epitome of strenuous endurance exercise, and they have been reported to represent the ceiling of sustained energy expenditure for humans. It remains unknown, however, if an average recreational athlete could endure such an event. …”

du Plessis, C., Andrews, M., King, T., Giorgi, H. P., Cochrane Wilkie, J., Blazevich, A. J. “…Over a large range (40-180 rpm), higher cadences are associated with a higher energy cost and fatigue, yet the effect of small changes in cadence in experienced cyclists during an IP is unknown. Our purpose was to test whether small changes in cadence (as a proxy for gearing) meaningfully impact a cyclist`s oxygen uptake kinetics, joint-specific torque- and- power distributions, and performance fatigability. …”

Bellinger, P., Minahan, C., Derave, W., Lievens, E., Kennedy, B., Crampton, M., Wackwitz, T. “…., a greater proportion of type II fibres)1,2. Nonetheless, it is unknown whether muscle typology underpins the key characteristics (i.e., Pmax and fatigue rate) of track sprint cycling. …”

Lundby, C., Hamarsland, H., Hansen, J., Bjørndal, H., Berge, S. N., Hammarstöm, D., Rønnestad, B. R. “…The underlying mechanisms remain partly unresolved, and it is unknown if female and male athletes may experience comparable gains. …”

Urianstad, T., Odden, I., Crantz Lorentzen, H., Odden, I., Mølmen, K. S., Hamarsland, H., Hammarstrom, D., Rønnestad, B. R. “…High-intensity interval training (HIT) sessions with a variable workload during the work periods has been considered more effective compared to HIT sessions performed at a constant workload; the optimal HIT design is unknown. This study investigated the isolated effect of power output distribution during three specific HIT sessions, not influenced by factors such as different training duration and different mean power output. 19 well-trained female and male cyclists (age, 22.6 (4.1); maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), 70.3 (11.0) mL·min-1·kg-1) performed three different 6x8-minutes HIT sessions at a mean power output corresponding to the individual participants´ 40-minute maximal power output (FTP) on three consecutive days, in a randomized order: Session 1) 8-minute work periods with 30-seconds work periods at 118% of FTP separated by 15-seconds recovery periods at 60% of FTP (30/15), Session 2) 8-minute work periods performed at a steady power output corresponding to 100% of FTP (CON), Session 3) 8-minute work periods performed as two continuously changing 60-seconds work periods at 110 and 90% of FTP, respectively (60/60). …”

Valenziela, P. L., Maceira, A., Santos-Lozano, A., García-González, M. P., Higueras Ortega, L., Díaz-Gonzalez, L., Boraita, A., Barranco-Gil, D., Lucia, A. “…Purpose Concerns on whether athletes--particularly older ones--are at an increased risk of pathological aortic dilation exist, and the prevalence of aortic calcifications in these individuals is unknown. We aimed to compare the dimensions, distensibility, and prevalence of calcifications in the thoracic aorta between former male professional cyclists (cases) and sex/age-matched controls. …”

Valenzuela, P. L., Mateo-March, M., Muriel, X., Zabala, M., Lucia, A., Barranco-Gil, D., Pallares, J. G. “…However, the expected variation of cyclists` performance between seasons remains unknown. We aimed to assess the between-seasons variability of peak performance (assessed through the RPP) in male professional cyclists. …”

Hering, G. O., Bertschinger, R., Stepan, J. “…However, motor patterns indicating higher levels of performance are unknown. To compare leg muscle activation between trained (3.5-4.2 W/kgbw) and highly trained (4.3-5.1 W/kgbw) athletes we applied electromyography, lactate, and bi-pedal/crank force measurements during a maximal power test, an individual lactate threshold test and a constant power test. …”

Taylor, H. L., Garabello, G., Pugh, J., Morton, J., Langan-Evans, C., Louis, J., Borgersen, R., Areta, J. L. “…However, whether this daily EA pattern represents those of free-living athletes and is therefore ecologically valid is unknown. To investigate this, we assessed daily exercise energy expenditure, energy intake and EA in 10 free-living elite male road cyclists (20 min Mean Maximal Power: 5.27 ± 0.25 W · kg^-1) during 7 consecutive days of late pre-season training. …”

de Almeida Azevedo, R., Forot, J., Millet, G. Y., Murias, J. M. “…However, its correspondence with pulmonary oxygen uptake (Vo2p) during exercise remains unknown. This study investigated the Vo2m and Vo2p relationship in females and males in response to prolonged constant-load cycling exercise at different intensities. …”

Phillips, K. E. “…Qualifying time-trial performance largely determined success in head-to-head racing, but there was evidence of unknown factors modifying cyclists` chances of success. …”

Valenzuela, P. L., Montalvo-Perez, A., Alejo, L. B., Castellanos, M., Gil-Cabrera, J., Talavera, E., Lucia, A., Barranco-Gil, D. “…However, despite the popularity of the latter, their validity remains unknown. We aimed to analyze the validity of a unilateral pedal power meter for estimating actual ("bilateral") power output (PO). …”

Schörkmaier, T., Wahl, Y., Brinkmann, C., Bloch, W., Wahl, P. “…However, the effect of nonivamide-nicoboxil cream on oxygenation and endurance performance under hypoxic conditions is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nonivamide-nicoboxil cream on local muscle oxygenation and endurance performance under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. …”

Hough, J., Leal, D., Scott, G., Taylor, L., Townsend, D., Gleeson, M. “…However, the reliability of hormonal responses to 55/80 when not overreached is unknown. Therefore, reported blunted hormonal responses could be due to inconsistent cortisol and testosterone responses to 55/80. …”

Pryor, J. L., Leija, R. G., Morales, J., Potter, A. W., Looney, D. P., Pryor, R. R., Hostler, D., Cochrane-Snyman, K. C. “…Verification tests to confirm graded exercise test (GXT) VO2max are growing in popularity, but the validity and reliability of such testing in the heat remains unknown. Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of a verification test to confirm GXT VO2max in a hot environment. …”

Veneman, T., Schallig, W., Eken, M., Foster, C., de Koning, J. J. “…Background: During self-paced (SP) time trials (TTs), cyclists show unconscious nonrandom variations in power output of up to 10% above and below average. It is unknown what the effects of variations in power output of this magnitude are on physiological, neuromuscular, and perceptual variables. …”

Richard, N. A., Hodges, L., Koehle, M. S. “…Individuals exposed to chronic endurance training attain a greater exercise SBP than in their untrained state and sedentary counterparts, but it is currently unknown what is considered a safe upper limit. This review discusses key studies examining blood pressure response in sedentary individuals and athletes. …”

Kohler, G., Boutellier, U. “…The reason for this difference is still unknown. We assume that the high pedaling rate preferred by cyclists can be explained by the inherent properties of muscle fibers. …”